P1 Appellant, Susan M. Doty-Perez (Susan), seeks reversal of the family court’s order denying her request to be declared a legal parent of four children legally adopted by her ex-spouse while they were married, in light of the United States Supreme Court’s marriage equality decision in Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. ___, 135 S.Ct. 2584, 192 L. Ed. 2d 609 (2015). For the following reasons, we affirm the family court’s decision.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

P2 Susan and Appellee, Tonya L. Doty-Perez (Tonya), began living together in October 2010. Tonya adopted a child, who is not a subject of this appeal, two months later. The parties were legally married in Iowa in July 2011, but at all relevant times resided in Arizona.

P3 Subsequent to their marriage, the parties agreed that [***2]  Tonya would adopt four special needs children from foster care in May 2012, January 2013, April 2013, and February 2014, respectively. While the parties agreed Tonya would be the adoptive parent, they intended to raise the four children together, as two parents. They would have adopted the children together but could not because, at the time of the adoptions, Arizona did not recognize same-sex marriage and legally prohibited same-sex adoptions.

P4 At some point, the parties’ relationship began to erode. Susan alleges that, as their relationship was ending, on April 8, 2014, she asked Tonya for permission to adopt the children through a second-parent adoption, but Tonya did not consent. Susan moved out of the marital residence on April 12, 2014. She did not petition to adopt the children.

P5 On October 7, 2014, the Ninth Circuit declared non-recognition of same-sex marriage unconstitutional in Latta v. Otter, 771 F.3d 456, 464-65 (9th Cir. 2014). On October 17, 2014, in Majors v. Horne, 14 F. Supp. 3d 1313, 1315 (D. Ariz. 2014), the U.S. District Court for the District of Arizona declared Arizona’s ban on same-sex marriage unconstitutional, and enjoined the state from enforcing its ban. Susan filed a Petition for Dissolution of Non-Covenant Marriage Without Minor Children and also requested  [***3] in loco parentis visitation on April 14, 2015. She later clarified the latter was a temporary orders request. In May 2015, Susan requested to amend her petition to a “Petition to [sic] Dissolution of Marriage WITH children and request for joint legal decision making and parenting time.”

P6 In June 2015, the United States Supreme Court decided Obergefell. In that case, the Court held the Fourteenth Amendment requires states to both license same-sex marriages and to recognize same-sex marriages that were lawfully licensed and performed in another state. Obergefell, 576 U.S. at    , 135 S.Ct. at 2593-608.

P7 The following month, Susan filed a “Motion to Find Petitioner a Parent of Minor Children and Memorandum in Support of Amended Petition for Dissolution With Children.” After additional briefing and oral argument, the court issued an order denying Susan’s petition to be declared a legal parent. In its order, the court found: (1) Susan “has proven by a preponderance of the evidence that had Arizona allowed same-sex-marriage and adoption at the time of the adoption of the four (4) children, the parties would have jointly adopted the children;” (2) after October 17, 2014, Susan could have filed a legal request to adopt the children [***4]  but did not do so; and (3) after October 2014 Susan asked  [**11]   [*374]  Tonya if she could enter into a step-parent adoption, but Tonya denied that request.

P8 Susan timely appealed to this court. We have jurisdiction under Article 6, Section 9, of the Arizona Constitution and pursuant to Arizona Revised Statutes (A.R.S.) §§ 12-120.21(A)(1) (2016) and -2101 (2016).

DISCUSSION

P9 The parties raise many arguments, some of which are inconsistent with each other, and the briefs do not join all of the issues. To assure the parties that we have considered their respective arguments on appeal, we begin by summarizing the issues. Ultimately, we find one dispositive issue, see infra ¶ 15, and based on our resolution of that issue, affirm the family court’s decision.

P10 Susan argues the family court should have declared her to be a legal parent of the four children through either of two legal avenues— 1) by modifying the adoption decrees to declare her a legal parent of the four children, or 2) in the alternative, by declaring her a de facto parent with full legal parent status, as in In re Parentage of L.B., 155 Wn.2d 679, 122 P.3d 161 (Wash. 2005).

P11 As to the issue of modifying the adoption decrees, Susan claims the family court erred in declining to modify the decrees, under the existing statutory scheme, because under Obergefell Arizona’s refusal to recognize [***5]  the parties’ 2011 marriage was unconstitutional, and but for that infirmity, Susan and Tonya would have jointly adopted all four children, in accordance with their intent and pursuant to A.R.S. § 8-103(A) (2016). The statute she cites provides that “[a]ny adult resident of this state, whether married, unmarried or legally separated, is eligible to qualify to adopt children. A husband and wife may jointly adopt children.” (Emphasis added.) A.R.S. § 8-103(A). Susan contends that because § 8-103(A) would have allowed her to adopt the children with Tonya, but for Arizona’s unconstitutional refusal to recognize their marriage, the family court should have ruled that she in effect did jointly adopt the children with Tonya. As noted, Susan did not file a petition to adopt under § 8-103(A) after Latta, Majors, or Obergefell. Such an adoption would have required Tonya’s consent. See A.R.S. § 8-106(A)(1) (2014). Susan contends that, given Tonya’s refusal to consent, she would have risked sanctions for bringing a frivolous claim if she had filed an adoption petition.

P12 As to the issue of de facto parentage, Susan argues the court may exercise its equitable authority to recognize de facto parentage and grant her parental status equivalent to that [***6]  of a legal parent, “even if limited to cases in which married parties adopt children but the adoption order lists only one spouse as a parent.” In support of this argument, she asserts that because A.R.S. § 8-117(A) (2014) states that an adoptive child should be treated as though the child was born “in lawful wedlock” she is deemed the presumptive second parent pursuant to A.R.S. § 25-814’s marital presumption. See A.R.S. § 25-814 (A)(1) (2007).

P13 Susan additionally maintains that the family court’s failure to grant her legal parent status violates the Fourteenth Amendment’s due process and equal protection guarantees by denying the children the psychological benefits of a parental relationship with her and subjecting them to inequitable treatment because they were adopted into a family with same-sex parents prior to marriage equality in Arizona.

 [*375]  [**12]  P14 In response to the first argument, Tonya argues that Obergefell has not been held to retroactively create adoptions in situations, like this, where only one party to a same-sex marriage was allowed to adopt a child. She additionally argues that because A.R.S. § 8-103(A) does not require married couples to adopt jointly, but only permits them to do so, absent a joint request, the court is bound to grant parentage only to an individual [***7]  who actually petitions for adoption, and not also to his or her spouse. As to Susan’s second argument, Tonya posits that Arizona does not recognize de facto parentage under either A.R.S. §§ 25-401(4) (defining a legal parent), -814, or 8-117(A).

P15 We agree with Tonya that Arizona does not recognize de facto parentage. We find the dispositive issue is whether, as a matter of law, if a married person adopts a child, that person’s spouse is also deemed or presumed to be a legal parent, with all the legal rights and obligations attached to that status, merely because the couple intended to adopt together. We think not.

P16 Pure questions of law, including those involving constitutional provisions, are reviewed de novo. Hall v. Lalli, 194 Ariz. 54, 57, ¶ 5, 977 P.2d 776, 779 (1999); Cave Creek Unified Sch. Dist. v. Ducey, 231 Ariz. 342, 347, ¶ 8, 295 P.3d 440, 445 (App. 2013). We recognize that under Obergefell, Arizona must credit the parties’ marriage as having taken place in 2011, prior to Tonya’s adoption of the four children. See Obergefell, 576 U.S. at    , 135 S.Ct. at 2607-08 (stating a state must give full faith and credit to marriages lawfully licensed in other states). However, we do not read Obergefell to support Susan’s paramount contention that the right of same-sex couples to marry and have their marriages recognized under the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution requires that [***8]  states retroactively modify adoptions by individuals in same-sex marriages who would have jointly adopted, if they had been allowed to. See id. at 2601 (explaining that marriage is a historical basis for “an expanding list of governmental rights, benefits, and responsibilities,” including “adoption rights,” but not addressing the issue of same-sex adoptions, neither retroactively nor prospectively). In the absence of a constitutional mandate under Obergefell to retroactively modify adoption decrees, we turn to what is permissible under Arizona law.

P17 In Arizona, adoption is a creature of statute. Matter of Estate of Ryan, 187 Ariz. 311, 312, 928 P.2d 735, 736 (App. 1996) (stating that adoption is a statutorily created concept, unknown at common law and within the legislature’s power to “define and regulate”) (internal quotation and citations omitted); Anguis v. Superior Court In and For Maricopa Cty., 6 Ariz. App. 68, 72, 429 P.2d 702, 706 (App. 1967) (noting that adoption “exists as a creature of statute which must be strictly construed”). We review issues of statutory construction and interpretation de  [**13]   [*376]  novo. See Barry v. Alberty, 173 Ariz. 387, 389, 843 P.2d 1279, 1281 (App. 1992) (citations omitted).

P18 The court’s primary goal in interpreting a statute is to give effect to legislative intent, focusing on the plain language as the indicator of that intent. If a statute’s language is unambiguous and the meaning does not create an [***9]  impossibility or absurdity, “courts must observe the natural import of the language used and are not free to extend the meaning though the result may be harsh, unjust or mistaken policy.” Members of Bd. of Educ. of Pearce Union High School Dist. v. Leslie, 112 Ariz. 463, 465, 543 P.2d 775, 778 (1975) (citation omitted). Applying those rules of statutory construction, we hold that Susan is not entitled to parental status or full legal parental rights under any of the relevant statutory provisions.

P19 In the case of adoption, in contrast to biological parentage, there is no presumption, either under A.R.S. § 25-814 or any other related Arizona statute, granting legal parental rights or obligations to a non-adoptive spouse merely because of her marriage to a person who has adopted a child. To be vested with such rights and to be so beholden, an individual, either separately, or, if married, jointly with another individual, must formally adopt the child. See A.R.S. § 25-401(4) (2013) (defining a legal parent as “a biological or adoptive parent . . .”). To be sure, in light of Obergefell, A.R.S. § 8-103’s language that “[a] husband and wife may jointly adopt,” see supra ¶ 11, must be interpreted to also mean that “a wife and wife” or “husband and husband” may jointly adopt. However, the adoption statute’s use of the permissive “may” indicates [***10]  there is no presumption of parentage for a non-adoptive spouse. To apply such a presumption would be to ignore an adoptive parent’s spouse’s individual agency to decide whether to directly and deliberately assume the role of a legal parent by taking the steps necessary to establish a legal relationship with the adopted child.

P20 Nor does A.R.S. § 8-117(A) support a different conclusion. A proper reading of the statute’s “in lawful wedlock” language is not susceptible to the determination for which Susan argues when the statute is examined in its entirety. Susan essentially contends that we should read the “in lawful wedlock” language to deem every adoption by one married parent a two-parent adoption based solely on the parties’ intent to adopt together. However, “[e]very provision of a statute must be read in conjunction with the  [**14]   [*377]  other provisions, giving meaning, if possible, ‘to each word, clause or sentence, considered in the light of the entire act itself and the purpose for which it was enacted into law.'” State v. Jones, 196 Ariz. 306, 307, ¶ 7, 995 P.2d 742, 743 (App. 1999) (quoting Frye v. South Phoenix Volunteer Fire Co., 71 Ariz. 163, 168, 224 P.2d 651, 654 (1950)). In its entirety, A.R.S. § 8-117(A) provides:

On entry of the decree of adoption, the relationship of parent and child and all the legal rights, privileges, duties, obligations and other legal consequences [***11]  of the natural relationship of child and parent thereafter exists between the adopted child and the adoptive parent as though the child were born in lawful wedlock. The adopted child is entitled to inherit real and personal property from and through the adoptive parent and the adoptive parent is entitled to inherit real and personal property from and through the adopted child the same as though the child were born to the adoptive parent in lawful wedlock.

(Emphasis added.)

P21 Section 8-117(A)’s language is clear that the “rights, privileges, duties . . .” created by an adoption decree exist between the adopted child and the adoptive parent, as if the child had been born to the adoptive parent. Under the statute the “in lawful wedlock” status is only attached to the child through the decree of adoption. The statute thus arranges the adopted child’s status relative only to an adoptive parent or parents. It does not also implicitly create an adoption of the child by a spouse who has not actually adopted the child. If the legislature intended A.R.S. § 8-117(A) to have the effect that Susan argues for, it would have worded the statute to say “between the adopted [***12]  child and the adoptive parent and his or her spouse.”

P22 Additionally, the clear interpretation of A.R.S. § 25-401(4)’s definition of a legal parent, see supra ¶ 19, is that, except in the case of biology, the only legal mechanism that may establish legal parenting status and attach the associated rights and obligations is an order of adoption.

P23 Thus, we cannot order legal parent status for Susan, despite the fact that the parties intended to adopt the children together, but did not only because it was legally impermissible at the time, and Tonya later refused to consent to Susan petitioning for adoption of the four children, prior to their divorce and after same-sex adoptions were legal in Arizona. We are without authority to confer legal parent status to Susan when she never actually petitioned the court to acquire that status while she was still married to Tonya. While we empathize with Susan because our holding leaves her without parental rights and obligations for four children she loves, provided and cared for, the relevant statutes do not support a contrary conclusion.

CONCLUSION

P24 For the reasons stated above, we affirm the court’s order denying Susan’s request to be declared a legal parent [***13]  of the four children legally adopted by her ex-wife during their marriage.